I am continuing my series of articles about Sir Robert Peel's 9 Principles of Policing.  Today, my focus is on Principle #9. Principle #9 To recognise always that the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, and not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them. How do you measure how well a police department is performing?  According to Sir Robert Peel, it is by the absence of crime and disorder.   Yet this response seems overly simplistic and doesn’t take into account the many factors that influence crime. Factors That Influence Crime According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, there are various factors that influence the crime rate for any particular area.  Some of these factors include population density and the degree of urbanization, age and gender of the population, the transience of the people, poverty level, job availability, median income, modes of transportation, education level of people, family conditions, and climate. [i] Of course, this is not an exhaustive list.  Instead, it is evidence that reducing crime is a more complicated proposition than first evident. In my career, I can recall instances when crime rose despite the department's best efforts.  In other…

I am continuing my series of articles about Sir Robert Peel's 9 Principles of Policing.  Today, my focus is on Principle #7. Principle #7 To maintain at all times a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and that the public are the police, the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.  Even in 1829, a relationship with the public was essential for law enforcement officers to be successful.  I’m not sure this concept was as understood back in the day as it is today.  In general, law enforcement was a thankless job that relied upon brute force to be effective.  Don’t get me wrong.  I am sure many police officers valued having a positive relationship with the community, but few likely understood how important that concept was at the time. The sentiment expressed in this principle is probably one of the most famous of all of the principles espoused by Sir Robert Peel.  The police are the public and that the public are the police.Sir…

I am continuing my series of articles about Sir Robert Peel's 9 Principles of Policing.  The second principle speaks directly to the use of police force. Today, my focus is on Principle #6. Principle #6 To use physical force only when the exercise of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be insufficient to obtain public co-operation to an extent necessary to secure observance of law or to restore order, and to use only the minimum degree of physical force which is necessary on any particular occasion for achieving a police objective. The use of physical force by law enforcement is one of the most misunderstood responsibilities of law enforcement.  Citizens view law enforcement's use of force as something done to them, while law enforcement views police use of force as a necessary tool on their tool belt. On top of the differing views, many police uses of force are viewed by many as having a disparate impact on minorities.  Even with these differences of opinion, all sides would agree that the less physical force law enforcement has to use, the better. History of Use of Force In the mid-1800s, as police departments formed in cities, there was no national…